Heart Physiology
Every heartbeat triggers a sequence of events called cardiac cycles, which consist mainly of three stages: atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole. The cardiac cycle causes the heart alternate between contraction and relaxation about 75 times per minute, ie the cardiac cycle takes about 0.8 seconds.
During atrial systole, the atria contract and project the blood into the ventricles. Once the blood has been expelled from the atria, atrioventricular valves between the atria and ventricles are closed. This prevents the backflow of blood into the atrium. The closing of these valves produce the familiar sound of a heartbeat. Takes approx. 0.1 s.
ventricular systole involves the contraction of the ventricles to expel blood into the circulatory system. Once the blood is ejected, the two semilunar valves, valve right lung and left aortic valve is closed. Takes approx. 0.3 s. Lastly
diastole is the relaxation of all parts of the heart to allow the arrival of new blood. Takes approx. 0.4 s.
In the process you can hear two clicks:
The first heart sound caused the closure of two valves: tricuspid and bicuspid or mitral.
The second also by the closure of two valves: sigmoid aortic and pulmonary sigmoid.
This motion is about 70 times per minute.
rhythmic expulsion of blood causes the pulse can be felt in the radial artery, carotid, femoral, etc. If you look
the time of contraction and relaxation that the courts will be at rest approx. 0.7
s and ventricles about 0.5 s. That means that the heart spends more time at rest than at work.
In the physiology of the heart, it is noteworthy that the cells are depolarized by themselves give rise to an action potential, resulting in a contraction of heart muscle. In addition, heart muscle cells "talk" so that the action potential spreads through all of them, so that contraction of the heart occurs. The heart muscle never tetanize (cardiomyocytes have high refractoriness that's why no tetanus)
sinus node pacemaker operates, this means that slow waves generated in the rest of sinus tissue.
BLOCKERS - TTX "Tetrodotoxin is a channel blocker of voltage-dependent Na +, so if I apply generaré a slow wave and there is no contraction. - Nifedipine, diltiazem and verapamil are calcium channel blockers of voltage-dependent, affecting the amplitude of slow waves. - Atropine is a muscarinic receptor blocker thus increases the heart rate due to activation of the sympathetic nervous S - Propranolol is a beta blocker-adrenoceptor sinus node, its action is to decrease the heart rate.
CARDIAC EXCITATION: Cardiac muscle is myogenic. This means that, unlike skeletal muscle, which requires a conscious or reflex stimulation, the heart muscle itself is excited. The rhythmic contractions occur spontaneously, and their frequency may be affected by nervous or hormonal influences such as exercise or the perception of danger.
stimulation of the heart is coordinated by the autonomic nervous system, both by the sympathetic nervous system (Increasing the pace and force of contraction) and the parasympathetic (reduces heart rate and strength).
The sequence of contractions is caused by depolarization (electrical polarity reversal of the membrane due to active ions pass through it) or sinus node of Keith-Flack node (nodus sinuatrialis), located on the top of the right atrium. The electrical current produced in the order of microvolts, is transmitted throughout the atria and passes to the ventricles by the atrioventricular node (AV node) located at the junction between the two ventricles, consisting of specialized fibers. The AV node serves to filter the activity too rápida de las aurículas. Del nodo AV se transmite la corriente al fascículo de His, que la distribuye a los dos ventrículos, terminando como red de Purkinje.
Este sistema de conducción eléctrico explica la regularidad del ritmo cardíaco y asegura la coordinación de las contracciones auriculoventriculares. Esta actividad eléctrica puede ser analizada con electrodos situados en la superficie de la piel, llamándose a esta prueba electrocardiograma o ECG.
Batmotropismo: el corazón puede ser estimulado, manteniendo un umbral.
Inotropismo: el corazón se contrae bajo ciertos estímulos. El sistema nervioso simp+atico tiene un efecto inotrópico positivo, por lo tanto aumenta la contractilidad heart.
chronotropism: refers to the slope of the action potential. Sympathetic NS increases the slope, thus producing tachycardia. In contrast, the parasympathetic SN decreases. Dromotropic
is the speed of cardiac impulse conduction by excito-conductor system. Sympathetic NS has a positive dromotropic effect therefore increases the driving speed. Parasympathetic Sn is the opposite effect.
lusitropism: the relaxation of the heart under certain stimuli.